Aristotle Essays (510 words) - Virtue, Ancient Greek Law, Aristotle

Aristotle Aristotle discusses the ideal state and citizens. In his ideal state, Aristotle states about the features of citizens and answers the question of who sould be citizen? . The concept of citizen is very important in his ideal state, because according to Aristotle citizens have the fullest sovereign power, and it would be ridiculous to deny their participation in the state management. Aristole's inspiration is from biology. It depends on teleology. Teleology is about purposefullness.Everything has a purpose. So the form of the citizen is like that. Aristotle argues that citizens have a common purpose for the stability of association, because they are the most important part of society. According to Aristotle, a citizen is one who participates in giving judgement and holding office. For citizens membership on juries has no limitation or to be a member of an assembly. But there is no agreement as what constitutes a citizen generally. The citizens will necessarily vary according to the constitution. In a democracy, the all poor people could be citizens; however in an oligarchy the rich people are going to be citizens. It means in an oligarchy only rich people will give judgement and hold office. Aristotle states that resident foreigners and slaves are not citizens. Because citizens are a particular class of men, the others (slaves, foreigners, workers...) don't have the function of ruling and being ruled according to Aristotle. Therefore the occupations of others are different from the citizens.Aristotle makes discrimination in society. Many people couldn't have right to be citizens because of their occupations or situations in society. Aristotle argues some virtues about the citizens and rulers. At first he states that the virtue of the citizen must be in relation with the constitution. There are many types of constitutions. In each constitution there are different virtues. For instance in Aristocracy courage is the main virtue but in monarchy wisdom is the main virtue. So it is hard to explain certain virtues for citizens. With the consideration of circumstances we can say some virtues for citizens. But the most important and main virtue of the citizen is to contribute to the stability of association as it is mentioned. Aristotle states that the virtues of ruler and ruled person are different. He states that the virtue of ruler is practical wisdom and the ruled person should have correct opinion. Of course, the concept of correct opinion should conform to the constitution. According to Aristotle citizens should have so much features ,which are seemed to be impracticable in society. Aristotle argues that citizens should participate in judgement and hold office. That means the good citizen must have the knowledge and ability both to rule and to be ruled. It is very hard to find a citizen who fits these qualifications, because every person can not have the ability to ruling. Aristotle wants to explain the form of citizen with teleology. A citizen should have a purpose for the stability of the association. But I think a citizen should not to be compelled to rule. Bibliography Aristotle politics Philosophy

Death Penalty Right or Wrong essays

Death Penalty Right or Wrong essays The issue of death penalty is one which has been long debated in the United States. Various anti-death penalty arguments have been brought forward proclaiming death penalty as wrong and brutal. The anti death-penalty movement claims that there is a very high risk of execution of the innocent. They apparently seem to ignore that in the process of saving very few exceptions, they are propagating to let all murderers get away with their crime. Moreover, the opponents of death penalty also claim that if the end result of murder and execution both is the death of an individual, then both are equally wrong and brutal. What they, in other words, are saying that murder and execution are one and the same thing since the end result of both is the same. Seemingly pathetic argument since no one can say that a man making love to a woman is equal to a man having sex with a woman against her wishes. Is it possible to equate Death penalty is something which is required for the safety of the nation. By executing murderers, what one is doing is ensuring that these people are incapable of murdering again and taking more innocent lives. So in effect, death penalty is saving the lives of those who might be at risk. Moreover, the death penalty also acts as a fear factor for potential murderers who do not murder because of their fear of execution. Once again, this results in saving the lives of those who could have been potential "If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed a bunch of murderers. If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call." John McAdams - Marquette ...

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychology - Essay Example A child will not survive without the care and support of others. He learns about life and living not only by his own discoveries but with interactions with people around him and within the environment he lives in. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development outlines how a child develops his learning abilities that equip him to survive life’s challenges. Initially, he discovers the world using his senses, and as he grows, learns to form associations and conclusions. With a healthy attachment to significant adults, the child develops a sense of security enabling him to venture into more learning about his world. â€Å"Piaget believed that children create knowledge through interactions with the environment. Children are not passive receivers of knowledge; rather, they actively work at organizing their experience into more and more complex mental structures.† (Brewer, 2001, p.6). He insists that children need to use all their cognitive functions. These theories were designed to form minds which can be critical, can verify, and not accept everything they are offered. Such beliefs reflect his respect for children’s thinking. Vygotsky (1978) believed that children’s intellectual development is influenced more by social context than by individual experiences. His theory places a great deal of emphasis on effective social interaction. Learning ensues in social interactions. A person ingrained in a particular cultural group automatically adapts to its socio-history and socio-cultural ways. Learning about one’s culture comes easy if the individual is totally immersed in it. A perfect example is how Reggio Emilia schools in Italy are run. There, the whole community is involved in rearing the children. â€Å"Reggio Emilia educators repeatedly emphasize that "no one has a monopoly" on what children need and, as noted above, invite parents to become

WAG case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WAG analysis - Case Study Example Financial Analysis of the Wag’s Judgments and Method of Calculating Net Income According to Canadian accounting standards for private enterprises (ASPE), WAG’s financial judgments and methods used have resulted to overstatement and understatement of net income in various ways. First, the method of calculating and awarding dividends and salaries has resulted in the understatement of net income. In Wiki Art Gallery (WAG) dividends are shared on 50 per cent basis on monthly basis and this was paid up to $400 until April 2012. The amount of dividend paid out to shareholders determines company’s annual net income because they determine the difference between assets and liabilities. According to the Canadian accounting standards for private enterprises (ASPE) a company is restricted from paying out dividends before passing balance sheet test whereby the declared dividends must be equal to or less than the difference between the assets and liabilities. The act of paying dividends on monthly basis instead on annual basis leads to the understatement of WAG’s annual net income as it prejudices the company’s ability to pay creditors therefore increasing the cost of liabilities. Additionally, the increased interest rates should be captured in WAGs annual income statement to reflect the true net income. Moreover, reduction of Stephen salary by $2,000 in fiscal 2012 was not included in the annual income statement and according to the ASPE principles on full disclosure of expenses such changes if effected during the fiscal year must be provided as additional information to the financial document. Therefore, if Stephen buys WAG Company based on the stated net income and decides not to change the methods of calculating dividends, he will be held liable for violating ASPE that might attract legal penalties for wrong disclosure of financial returns. Secondly, the depreciation of assets method as used by WAG leads to understatement of net income as well as overstatement of it if considered in different perspectives. The disposal of assets with zero residual value at any given cost other than zero is treated as income to a company under the ASPE. WAG disposed of computer server that had zero residual value at a price equal to the book value and this was not captured anywhere in the annual income statement. This also has an effect to the company’s net income as it understates company’s gains realized on the disposal of assets thus leading to underreporting of the net income. Note Withstanding, WAG records equipment at cost and charges depreciation on a straight-line basis on its equipment which decreases in value every year due to depreciation charged on it. The depreciation expense is captured in the income statement while the assets true value remains overstated. This implies that the net income is highly overstated because the depreciable assets are not recorded at the book value. Therefore if Stephen buys WA G Company based on the Rob’s calculation of depreciation that informs the current net income calculation, he would buy assets that are overstated and this may affect his eligibility to acquire more capital for the expansion of the company. Thirdly, the method of capitalizing intangible assets adopted by Rob leads to understatement of net income through the charging of amortization costs in the income statement. WAG capitalizes intangible assets

The Roman Empire and its neighbors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Roman Empire and its neighbors - Essay Example Furthermore, special attention will be paid to an analysis of the Germanic tribes and their impact on the Roman Empire (Heather 2006, 33-44). What explains the early development of the Roman Empire? The rise of this empire was precluded on the fact that life under Augustus was the ideal form of rule and that rule by one man was actually an ideal form of democracy. According to Chester G. Starr, Jr, Quite widely the subjects felt that they did not have political liberty, and some drew the conclusion that they lived in slavery. Such persons, however, were hasty to add that the slavery of the Roman Empire was preferable to any democracy or put other qualifications on their general line of thought (Starr 1952, 2). From this perspective then, the authoritarian nature of rule under Augustus was conceived of at the time as normal and even ideal. The notion of liberty extended beyond the individual and to the state and since everyone was responsible to obey the laws of the land, true democracy in fact existed. By wrestling control of the state from the landed aristocratic elite and attempting to impact a meritocratic form of rule – albeit with Emperor Augustus at the helm – the facade of democracy was employed as a tool and helps account for the rise of the Roman Empire. As Starr persuasively notes, â€Å"the Empire began when Augustus took the power in his own hands, and the emperor was an autocrat† (Starr 1952, 9). Despite the fact that Augustus was an autocrat, he was perceived by the peasantry as well as the landed elite as someone who could restore the concept of liberty to Rome. The consolidation of the Roman Empire was thus built upon a belief that liberty was restored and that autocratic rule by Augustus was democracy at its best. Accordingly, the regime still felt it necessary to pay lip service to old shibboleths like libertas and demokratia even

The Chomsky On Language Acquisition English Language Essay

The Chomsky On Language Acquisition English Language Essay By learning how to learn Bruner believes that one can  transfer what was learnt from one  situation  to another. Life-long learning is closely associated with this concept. Interactionist Theory and ESL How does the Interactionist Theory fit in with  ESL in a classroom? When faced with learning English as a second language, the student is essentially an infant. They cannot communicate with the teacher except through non-verbal communication. Therefore, it is up to the teacher to act as the adult in the infant-adult relationship. He or she is responsible for leading all interaction at first, and as the student becomes more familiar with the English language and able to communicate, the control of the interaction can be relinquished a bit and the students can take more control of their own language learning. Also, if students are encouraged to experiment with the language and learn that it is okay to make mistakes, they will be able to discover for themselves how to combine words and phrases to form full sentences and dialogues. Chomsky on Language Acquisition Noam Chomsky postulated that the mechanism of the language acquisition is derived from the innate processes. Innate is something which is already there in mind since birth. The theory proposed by Chomsky is proved by the children living in same linguistic community. Moreover, they are not influenced by the external experiences which bring about the comparable grammar. He thus proposed his theory on language acquisition in 1977 as all children share the same internal constraints which characterize narrowly the grammar they are going to construct. He also proposed that all of us live in a biological world, and according to him, mental world is no exception. He also believes that as there are stages of development for other parts of the body,  language development  can also be achieved up to a certain age. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN CHILDREN I.INTRODUCTION Language acquisition is one of the central topics in cognitive science. Every theory of cognition has tried to explain it; probably no other topic has aroused such controversy. Possessing a language is the quintessentially human trait: all normal humans speak, no nonhuman animal does. Language is the main vehicle by which we know about other peoples thoughts, and the two must be intimately related. Every time we speak we are revealing something about language, so the facts of language structure are easy to come by; these data hint at a system of extraordinary complexity. Nonetheless, learning a first language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. With language so close to the core of what it means to be human, it is not surprising that childrens acquisition of language has received so much attention. Anyone with strong views about the human mind would like to show that childrens first few steps are steps in the right direction. II. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THEORIES Language acquisition is the process by which the language capability develops in a human. First language acquisition concerns the development of language in children, while second language acquisition focuses on language development in adults as well. In this paper, we are focussed on the first language acquisition which concerns in the development of language in children. Nativist theories hold that children are born with an innate propensity for language acquisition, and that this ability makes the task of learning a first language easier than it would otherwise be. These hidden assumptions allow children to quickly figure out what is and isnt possible in the grammar of their native language, and allow them to master that grammar by the age of three. Nativists view language as a fundamental part of the human genome, as the trait that makes humans human, and its acquisition as a natural part of maturation, no different from dolphins learning to swim or songbirds learning to sing. Chomsky originally theorized that children were born with a hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains. He later expanded this idea into that of Universal Grammar, a set of innate principles and adjustable parameters that are common to all human languages. According to Chomsky, the presence of Universal Grammar in the brains of children allows them to deduce the structure of their native languages from mere exposure. The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a postulated organ of the brain that is supposed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language (i.e., language acquisition). The LAD concept is a component of the nativist theory of language which dominates contemporary formal linguistics, which asserts that humans are born with the instinct or innate facility for acquiring language. Chomsky motivated the LAD hypothesis by what he perceived as intractable complexity of language acquisition, citing the notion of infinite use of finite means proposed by Wilhelm von Humboldt. At the time it was conceived (1957-1965), the LAD concept was in strict contrast to B.F. Skinners behavioral psychology which emphasized principles of learning theory such as classical and operant conditioning and imitation over biological predisposition. The interactionist theory of Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget later emphasized the importance of the interaction between biological and social (nature and nurture) aspects of language acquisition. Chomsky (1965) set out an innate language schema which provides the basis for the childs acquisition of a language. The acquisition process takes place despite the limited nature of the primary linguistic data (PLD, the input signals received) and the degenerate nature (frequent incorrect usage, utterances of partial sentences) of that data. Given this poverty of the stimulus, a language acquisition model requires a number of components. Firstly, the child must have a technique for representing input signals and, secondly, a way of representing structural information about them. Thirdly, there must be some initial delimitation of the class of possible language structure hypotheses. Fourthly, the child requires a method for determining what each of these hypotheses implies with respect to each sentence. Finally, an additional method is needed by which the child can select which hypothesis is compatible with the PLD. Equipped with this endowment, first language learning is explained as performed by a Language Acquisition Device progressing through the following stages: 1. The device searches the class of language structure hypotheses and selects those compatible with input signals and structural information drawn from the PLD. 2. The device then tests the compatibility using the knowledge of implications of each hypothesis for the sentences. 3. One hypothesis or grammar is selected as being compatible with the PLD. 4. This grammar provides the device with a method of interpreting sentences (by virtue of its capacity for internally representing structural information and applying the grammar to sentences). Through this process the device constructs a theory of the language of which the PLD are a sample. Chomsky argues that in this way, the child comes to know a great deal more than she has learned, acquiring knowledge of language, which goes far beyond the presented primary linguistic data and is in no sense an inductive generalization from these data. In some views of language acquisition, the LAD is thought to become unavailable after a certain age the critical period hypothesis (i.e., is subject to maturational constraints). Chomsky has gradually abandoned the LAD in favour of a parameter-setting model of language acquisition (principles and parameters). Much of the nativist position is based on the early age at which children show competency in their native grammars, as well as the ways in which they do (and do not) make errors. Infants are born able to distinguish between phonemes in minimal pairs, distinguishing between bah and pah, for example. Young children (under the age of three) do not speak in fully formed sentences, instead saying things like want cookie or my coat. They do not, however, say things like want my or I cookie, statements that would break the syntactic structure of the Phrase, a component of universal grammar. Children also seem remarkably immune from error correction by adults, which Nativists say would not be the case if children were learning from their parents. III. CRITICISM AND ALTERNATIVE THEORIES Non-nativist theories include the competition model, functionalist linguistics, usage-based language acquisition, social interactionism and others. Social-interactionists, like Snow, theorize that adults play an important part in childrens language acquisition. However, some researchers claim that the empirical data on which theories of social interactionism are based have often been over-representative of middle class American and European parent-child interactions. Various anthropological studies of other human cultures, as well as anecdotal evidence from western families, suggests rather that many, if not the majority, of the worlds children are not spoken to in a manner akin to traditional language lessons, but nevertheless grow up to be fully fluent language users. Many researchers now take this into account in their analyses. Those linguists who do not agree with Chomsky point to several problems: 1. Chomsky differentiates between competence and performance. Performance is what people actually say, which is often ungrammatical, whereas competence is what they instinctively know about the syntax of their language and this is more or less equated with the Universal Grammar. Chomsky concentrates upon this aspect of language he thus ignores the things that people actually say. The problem here is that he relies upon peoples intuitions as to what is right or wrong but it is not at all clear that people will all make the same judgments, or that their judgments actually reflect the way people really do use the language. 2. Chomsky distinguishes between the core or central grammar of a language, which is essentially founded on the UG, and peripheral grammar. Thus, in English, the fact that We were is considered correct, and We was incorrect is a historical accident, rather than an integral part of the core grammar as late as the 18th Century, recognized writers, such as Dean Swift, could write We was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ without feeling that they had committed a terrible error. Similarly, the outlawing of the double negation in English is peripheral, due to social and historical circumstances rather than anything specific to the language itself. To Chomsky, the real object of linguistic science is the core grammar. But how do we determine what belongs to the core, and what belongs to the periphery? To some observers, all grammar is conventional, and there is no particular reason to make the Chomskian distinction. 3. Chomsky also appears to reduce language to its grammar. He seems to regard meaning as secondary a sentence such as Colorless may be considered as part of the English language, for it is grammatically correct, and therefore worthy of study by Transformational Grammarians. A sentence such as My mother, he no like bananas, on the other hand, is of no interest to the Chomskian linguist. Nor would he be particularly interested in most of the utterances heard in the course of a normal lecture. 4. Because he disregards meaning, and the social situation in which language is normally produced, he disregards in particular the situation in which the child learns his first language. Bruners LASS Let us look closely at this fourth objection. The psychologist, Jerome Bruner, holds that while there very well may be, as Chomsky suggests, a Language Acquisition Device, or LAD, there must also be a Language Acquisition Support System, or LASS. He is referring to the family and entourage of the child. If we watch closely the way a child interacts with the adults around her, we will see that they constantly provide opportunities for her to acquire her mother tongue. Mother or father provide ritualized scenarios the ceremony of having a bath, eating a meal, getting dressed, or playing a game in which the phases of interaction are rapidly recognized and predicted by the infant. It is within such clear and emotionally charged contexts that the child first becomes aware of the way in which language is used. The utterances of the mother or father are themselves ritualized, and accompany the activity in predictable and comprehensible ways. Gradually, the child moves from a passive position to an active one, taking over the movements of the caretaker, and, eventually, the language as well. Bruner cites the example of a well-known childhood game, in which the mother, or other caretaker, disappears and then reappears. Through this ritual, which at first may be accompanied by simple noises or Bye-bye Hello, and later by lengthier commentaries, the child is both learning about separation and return and being offered a context within which language, charged with emotive content, may be acquired. It is this reciprocal and affective nature of language that Chomsky appears to leave out of his hypotheses. Bruners conception of the way children learn language is taken a little further by John Macnamara, who holds that children, rather than having an in-built language device, have an innate capacity to read meaning into social situations. It is this capacity that makes them capable of understanding language, and therefore learning it with ease, rather than an LAD. IV. CONCLUSION Chomsky, then, sees the child as essentially autonomous in the creation of language. She is programmed to learn, and will learn so long as minimal social and economic conditions are realized. In Bruners version, the program is indeed in place, but the social conditions become more important. The child is still an active participant, is still essentially creative in her approach to language acquisition, but the role of the parents and other caretakers is also seen as primordial. Finally, we could draw the conclusion that we can successfully teach any child any language we like as it is provided with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and supported with Language Acquisition Support System (LASS).

Brilliant Lies - In many ways, Susy is just like Gary. Do you agree? :: English Literature

Brilliant Lies - In many ways, Susy is just like Gary. Do you agree? In many ways, Susy is just like Gary. Do you agree? Susy Conner, and Gary Fitzgerald. Both are Brilliant liars - and seemingly total opposite gender counterparts of each other. To say however, that they are alike simply because they are liars is to place them into a frame that is far too restricting and incomplete. No, the similarities - and even differences - between Susy and Gary lie beneath the surface. It is in these more subtle ways that the two characters reveal themselves to be more alike than one would think. At the heart of Susy and Gary's personalities is that one trait that seems to set them apart from the rest of the characters of the play - ambition. Theirs is an intense, bordering on violent, ambition - a drive to succeed in life, to gain what they want - and neither have any scruples about running over everyone else to get what they want. They are not above lying to get their way, not above gaining trust and then throwing it away once they have what they want - this is shown in no clearer way than when Gary convinces Vince to support him, then throws him to the wolves at the end - "I lied. Don't get pious Vince. This place was ripe for a management buy out. These are hard times. We've got to become much more aggressive, and you know, and I know, and they know that you haven't got the guts to go in hard." This manipulation of others extends to include their extremely vengeful natures. Susy's vindictiveness in lying to Katy about Marion's sexuality (revenge for Katy telling the truth about her story - "As soon as I saw that dyke I knew you'd fall in love with her." - is mirrored by Gary's pleasure in crushing Vince after he reveals his true colours. They are cruel to an almost merciless extent - the vicious battle between the two is more than a fight in order to win the case - it is a fight for survival. Both Gary and Susy know that if they are not relentless in the pursuit for triumph, they will be crushed by the other - another characteristic that they share - the obsession for power. In a way, the struggle between these two characters is not for the compensation money - but for the sense of power that comes only from triumph. Another trait that they both share is a sense of stubborn self righteousness that somehow constantly places themselves in the role of

Hospitality Industry Knowledge

Hospitality Industry Knowledge 1. List six sources of current industry information: – Media: Such as newspapers, television, magazines and radio. The media publicises current information, trends developing and any government initiatives. – Customers: By doing customer questionnaires this can inform enterprises as to what they need to improve, as well as which staff are working well. – Information services: For example the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Tourism NSW (all these services are provided by the government) and provide a whole range of issues within the industry. Internet: Sites such as The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) provide information on environmental issues and trends frequently. Anyone can publish anything on the internet, so it is important to check that the information sourced is credible and correct. – Industry Journals: (Also known as trade magazines) are not available from local industries and usually require a subscription, as they are extremely valuable sources of current information. Within the either national / international journals hospitality positions are advertised, trends are addressed and practices of various enterprises are shown. Training courses: May either be on-site or off-site, and provide the opportunity for staff to experience specific training in a chosen area. 2. Differentiate between primary and secondary sources of information: A primary source is when information is gathered first hand, whereas secondary source is when the information is gathered from a source that has already conducted the research. 3. Indentify the basic research skills that are required when researching: It is important to recognise that the source is credible and that it is of relevance. . List three channels that may be used to disseminate information once collected: Media, Internet and customers. 5. Explain the importance of updating hospitality industry knowledge: Updating hospitality industry knowledge ensur es quality service is maintained and the customer’s needs are constantly being met. 6. Analyse recent government initiatives affecting the hospitality industry: Government initiatives are acts by the government that result in a number of impacts on the industry. Promoting Australia’s image overseas: In campaigns such as â€Å"where the bloody hell are you? † and ‘Australia week’ in the USA; and enhances Australians quality of life as well as boosting tourism in regional areas. – Australian tourism industry: Over $600 million was allocated to the Australian tourism industry in the 2004/05 federal budget. The government set up a new body in 2004, ‘Tourism Australia’, having $120 million allocated to the body in 2004 in order to market Australia internationally as a holiday destination over the following years. To market tourism within regional areas of Australia, an extra $45 million was allocated. – The federal government is now taking on apprentices (New Apprenticeship’s Scheme). This will help with the costs accompanying training new apprentices and offers and encourages employers to take on new enterprises. By introducing these further funds for enterprises, it has also allowed students to take on a part-time apprenticeship whilst attending school, as well as enabling more flexibility for those wishing to pursue a career in commercial cooking. Obesity: This issue has been constantly reported via the media, statistics stating that now over 50% of the Australian population are overweight. This is a result of certain lifestyle changes: individuals are now less active, have increased their consumption of fatty/high energy foods, and often resort to fast food because they believe they do not have enough time to cook themselves. The health problems connected to being overweight have placed a lot of pressure on the health system. This has resulted in the government introducing healthy eating campaigns and new school canteen food requirements. Farmer kits: Was launched by the Federal Minister for Tourism in 2003: ‘Farm and Country Tourism on your Property: Assessment Tool’ These kits were for families looking to enter the agricultural tourism industry and enables them to see whether or not their farm is suitable. 7. Explain recent trends in emerging markets and the importance of internet presence for business: The Internet has enabled the hospitality industry to access a wider market, allowing budding customers to view the available products and services of different enterprises, and to make a booking online. Internet booking have increased dramatically over the past few years (due to the ‘technically savvy’ Y-Generation) and has resulted in an increase in competitiveness between hospitality enterprises. 8. Analyse the impact of social issues on the hospitality industry: Some enterprises choose to become involved with the community by doing things such as participating in community fundraising (e. g. providing a complimentary meal) or by contributing left-over food to charities. The obesity epidemic has also caused the hospitality industry to provide healthier menus, so that consumers now have the option of having either fatty or healthier food. Doing so has caused the face of the hospitality industry to change, as they are no longer regarded as selling only fatty foods. Racial tensions were a result of the Cronulla Riots in Sydney. A number of businesses were closed down, and when re-opened were not able to operate due to a lack of customers. Due to an increase in intoxication and binge drinking licensed premises must ensure they do not serve intoxicated people, as intoxicated people are more likely to commit crimes. The government has responded to this by introducing curfews and lockouts within problem areas. They have also raised the price on Alco-pops to discourage young people from drinking excessively. 9. Outline factors that have caused expansion within the industry: Factors that have caused expansion within the industry include: – International sporting events: attracts a large number of short-term visitors – Cultural events: attract people to specific regions – Seasonal influences: increased travel during holidays, in particular the Christmas and summer holiday period – New liquor licensing laws: may encourage more small bars to open – Medical tourism: hospitality provides forming partnership with hospitals 10. Outline factors that have caused retraction within the industry: – An oversupply of facilities after the 2000 Sydney Olympics – Incidents (such as war on Iraq, tsunami, SARS) resulted in less abroad people travelling to Australia, although inbound tourism did increase – Competition among enterprises caused them to slash their prices (reduced profit) – World oil prices increased which resulted in airline tickets increasing and households to restrict their extra spending money (due to increased cost in petrol) – Rising food prices caused higher menu prices, which may deter customers from dining out – Credit crisis 1. Describe current labour issues and their impacts on enterprises: – Labour turnover: Employee’s left with few hours during the quieter months may choose to leave and find alternative employment. The cost of losing / replacing staff members is quite substantial and costs thousands per employee. – Shortage of qual ified chefs: result of more students staying to year 12 rather than leaving in year 10 – Hiring staff with illegal visa statuses – Paid unjustly: a number of employee’s in the industry are unaware of their rights and may be paid lower wages 2. Explain technological issues affecting the hospitality industry: – Has improved the delivery of customer service and impacted on the delivery of training – Systems and procedures are now more efficient and has reduced many errors and has enabled service to be provided more timely. – Addressed skills shortages by allowing individuals to complete training courses in a more flexible environment through registered training organisations on-line.

Prominence of Computer Security and Forensics The WritePass Journal

Prominence of Computer Security and Forensics INTRODUCTION Prominence of Computer Security and Forensics INTRODUCTIONResearch Enterprises of ForensicsJob availability segments for forensic studentsImportance of securityAnonymous toolsTypes of forensicsServices of forensicsAvailable Job Opportunities by studying computer security and forensicsThe techniques gained by studying computer security and forensic courseMobile ForensicsAnalysis of call data recordsDescription of Audio and VideoAudio AnalysisVideo AnalysisData RecoveryConclusionReference:Related INTRODUCTION Forensics and related courses are fast flattering current career of the students. It has a global reputation for excellent in the development of the techniques of forensics. The forensics is the investigation process which is related to the police services. Many students are focused in forensics some of the area are the following Criminology Toxicology Questioned Documents Odontology Pathology /   Medical Examiner Physical/ Forensic Anthropology Forensic psychiatry/psychology Many opportunities are waiting for the students who are pursuing forensics science and other related courses. The main criteria in the forensic science are Chemistry -analysis of paint, chemicals counting fire investigation and reconstruction of accidents. Biology  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is associated to crimes in contradiction of people murder, assault and rape cases. Drugs and toxicology. Research Enterprises of Forensics Consulting with people on the front appearances and document their problems. Eavesdrop to law enforcement and relate our own knowledge of computer forensics according to those problems. Learn current investigating techniques and suggest alternatives, measuring the alternatives in real world and reporting the results. Pay attention to the sufferers and give them a good solution to analyse what happened to them and report it appropriately. Job availability segments for forensic students Law enforcement Financial Consulting   and Academic. Forensics courses develop the unique skills which means a person cannot handle the networks without any knowledge of it and for example a computer engineer cannot survive in the forensic field just because he can knows only about the system management. So the above are the sectors for the computer forensic students. Importance of security Security is the most important thing in everyone’s day to day life. A mail can be hacked by fetching the original information and it is replaced by a fake data to cheat people with the help of some software’s. A fake websites are there by collecting the personal bank information of an individual person, it happens like a   person is asked to buy some stuffs by sending them a portal of the bank information to be filled and after sometime that pages are fetched and hacked by some frauds . These are all the techniques used to hack the personal information and trouble them so computer security is there to give some surety to the companies by protecting the secrets of each and every person’s information. Anonymous tools It could be used to create an unidentified data form the original data. Forensic researchers will be having packet dumps, email messages, document files, disk images, etc.., Types of forensics Disk forensics Network forensics RAM forensics Phone forensics Document forensics and Software forensics Services of forensics Examining the evidence of hacking Analysing of electronic mail, chatting capability and deleted files for worker annoyance. Checking the computer system for the evidence of IP address theft Examining the erased internet action and server log files for evidence of unauthorised activity of a person. Investigation into the denial of data systems and computer strategy Extracting the evidence for non-computer concerned with investigations. Producing reports to the industrial courts. Observing the common employees misusing the computer Developing the software’s to solve some specific problems. Available Job Opportunities by studying computer security and forensics In detecting and investigating the cyber related crimes In using tools of forensics Handling the cyber-crimes with intelligence of tackling them Finding the loss of account and recovering them The techniques gained by studying computer security and forensic course Trouble shooting the operational issues: Finding the incorrect physical location of the network and resolving the problem in the correct way in the host. Log monitoring: Analysing log entries and correlating log entries from multiple systems. Recovering data from the system: Fetching the lost data that has been hacked by anyone or modified with help of tools etc Mobile Forensics Mobile devices are terribly increasing in the recent trend. Many communication protocols like Bluetooth, WiFi and 3g allow the free data transfer across international restrictions. Users are allowed to transfer the data, browsing and send and receive e-mail with attaching files. Analysis of call data records The records of the call data has been showed below Date of call Time of call Call duration Number making the call (originating) Number receiving the call (terminating) IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity CI Cell site identity number Description of Audio and Video Audio Analysis Audio can be recorded in high diverse range including mobile phones, dicta phones, covert recording devices, cameras and mobile phones CY4OR is a full enhanced and transcription service in the forensic audio and video suite. Video Analysis The propagation CCTV equipment on virtually every street corner, outside business buildings and even for domestic properties is increased for some evidence are available for inspection. This type of evidence is seriously trusted upon in court but often needs improving to ensure that is obviously presented. CY4OR’s practiced video team uses formal of the art equipment to enable the augmentation, de-multiplexing  and restoration of material. Data Recovery Data recovery is the process of recovering data from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible secondary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally.  Data can be retrieved from storage media such as hard disk drives, storage tapes, RAID, CDs, DVDs, and other electronics. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage device or logical damage to the file system that prevents it from being mounted by the host operating system. Conclusion The skills that are gained from computers security and forensic course include the broad knowledge of forensic principles, procedures, tools and techniques to handle the problems. So it develops the skills required by the employers and fulfills them.   Apparently there is more possibility of new techniques as well as advancements yet to develop in the area of forensics because â€Å"computer security and forensics is only a journey but not a destination† student who currently learns will say many things new to this world by studying this course. Hence this paper briefly explains about the required skills by the employers to work in the forensic field and also in pertinent sector by attaining this course. Reference: cy4or.co.uk/forensic-services/mobile-device-forensics www.intaforensics.com www.krollontrack.co.uk

Free Essays on 2008 Beinjing,China Olympic Games Controversy

On July 13th 2001, China was chosen among several nations like Turkey, Japan, France and Canada to organize the Olympics. Whether or not China should have been granted this opportunity remains a sensitive issue for many. As for me, I totally agree with the selection of Beijing, China as the host city of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. Many believe that China should not have been awarded the games based on alleged civil rights abuses on the part of the Chinese communist government towards its own dissidents. In this paper, I will talk about all the allegations put towards China as to why they should not have been awarded the games and explain why I believe that the decision to give Beijing the games was the right one. The allegations are well deserved. Due to communism, the preoccupation of the Chinese authorities is to maintain social stability in order to keep the power. Nowadays in China there is no freedom of association, no free speech and no press freedom. Journalists are not able to do their job freely because they could be prosecuted and jailed if their work is judged "against the Party". The most important repression of free speech concerns the Internet users. More than fifteen persons are in jail for having expressed themselves on the web and people continue to be arrested and charged with serious offences for using the Internet to spread information about human rights or other politically sensitive issues. From what I have found in my research, the human rights situation in China is particularly present in Tibet and in Xinjiang, areas that are located in west China. In 1950 this region was invaded by the Chinese forces. In 1959 Tibetan people tried to force the Chinese out but the army repressed this movement violently and the Dalaà ¯-Lama left Tibet. Since 1959, Tibetan people and particularly religious, Buddhist monks and nuns, have been victims of Chinese repression. At the end of 2000, hundreds of Buddhist monks and nun... Free Essays on 2008 Beinjing,China Olympic Games Controversy Free Essays on 2008 Beinjing,China Olympic Games Controversy On July 13th 2001, China was chosen among several nations like Turkey, Japan, France and Canada to organize the Olympics. Whether or not China should have been granted this opportunity remains a sensitive issue for many. As for me, I totally agree with the selection of Beijing, China as the host city of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. Many believe that China should not have been awarded the games based on alleged civil rights abuses on the part of the Chinese communist government towards its own dissidents. In this paper, I will talk about all the allegations put towards China as to why they should not have been awarded the games and explain why I believe that the decision to give Beijing the games was the right one. The allegations are well deserved. Due to communism, the preoccupation of the Chinese authorities is to maintain social stability in order to keep the power. Nowadays in China there is no freedom of association, no free speech and no press freedom. Journalists are not able to do their job freely because they could be prosecuted and jailed if their work is judged "against the Party". The most important repression of free speech concerns the Internet users. More than fifteen persons are in jail for having expressed themselves on the web and people continue to be arrested and charged with serious offences for using the Internet to spread information about human rights or other politically sensitive issues. From what I have found in my research, the human rights situation in China is particularly present in Tibet and in Xinjiang, areas that are located in west China. In 1950 this region was invaded by the Chinese forces. In 1959 Tibetan people tried to force the Chinese out but the army repressed this movement violently and the Dalaà ¯-Lama left Tibet. Since 1959, Tibetan people and particularly religious, Buddhist monks and nuns, have been victims of Chinese repression. At the end of 2000, hundreds of Buddhist monks and nun...

Reasearch paper about Tooth Morphology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasearch paper about Tooth Morphology - Essay Example Moreover, tooth morphology is facilitated by the oral cavity, which holds the teeth together in the mouth. Tooth morphology also incorporates two main dentition types, which include deciduous and permanent dentitions (Scott et al. 3-5). These dentitions have different types of teeth where deciduous dentition has three main types that incorporate incisors, canines, and molars while permanent dentition has four type that include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. To comprehend tooth morphology, it is crucial for one to understand the nomenclature first, which is a naming system that is often used to describe or even classify material in the subject of dental anatomy. There are several tooth-numbering systems that include FYI system, universal system, Zsigmondy-Palmer Notation, and Dane or the Hederup system. With regard to structure, each tooth has both root and crown portions where the crown is usually covered with enamel while the root is covered by cementum (Koppe et al. 36-3 8). These two parts, crown and root, join at an area known as the cement enamel junction. The crown portion of the tooth comprises of three layers that include dentin, pulp, and enamel. Koppe, Thomas, G. Meyer, and Kurt W. Alt. Comparative Dental Morphology: Selected Papers of the 14th International Symposium on Dental Morphology, August 27-30, 2008, Greifswald, Germany. Basel Switzerland: Karger, 2009.

Marketing Plan Phase III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan Phase III - Essay Example where executives are always in a hurry catching up with their appointments and needs to have an access to technology which will keep them in track with recent economic and business developments. Thus, Boeing 007 Heli-jet will differentiate itself along these lines by being creating aircrafts and coming up with innovative features which respond to these needs. As stated above, the main factor which will differentiate Boeing 007 Heli-jet with other aircrafts is its concern on the importance of time in the current business environment. Noting that Boeing 007 Heli-jet is aimed at the corporate executives, it will emphasize its consideration of their lifestyle which requires them to attend meetings. Globalization further demands attending meetings abroad to meet with a wider spectrum of local executives. As time is very important to the market, they need airplanes which are capable of flying at faster speed in order to maximize this resource. As shorter time is spent on travelling far distances, the Boeing 007 Heli-jet enables executives to focus on and spend more time in their meetings as well as discussion of business matters. Thus, it also has the capacity to shorten the period that business executives stay in a certain country for these affairs. This will mean savings for the company in terms of accommodation and maximization of time. In the end, the newest product of Boeing Commercial Airplanes will be positioned as the aircraft which maximizes the use of time by being the fastest aircraft in the face of Earth. Boeing 007 Heli-jet will differentiate itself among other aircrafts not only by becoming the fastest plane in the world but also by maximizing time by offering features which will enable business executives to be in-touch with the business world through work station cabins which will be equipped by phone equipments and internet connection. The aircraft will offer comfort and convenience through design and furnishing of an executive office. In order to